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Tangent half-angle substitution : ウィキペディア英語版
Tangent half-angle substitution

In integral calculus, the tangent half-angle substitution is a substitution used for finding antiderivatives, and hence definite integrals, of rational functions of trigonometric functions. No generality is lost by taking these to be rational functions of the sine and cosine. Michael Spivak wrote that "The world's sneakiest substitution is undoubtedly" this technique.〔Michael Spivak, ''Calculus'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, pages 382–383.〕
== Euler and Weierstrass ==

Various books call this the Weierstrass substitution, after Karl Weierstrass (1815 – 1897), without citing any occurrence of the substitution in Weierstrass' writings,〔Gerald L. Bradley and Karl J. Smith, ''Calculus'', Prentice Hall, 1995, pages 462, 465, 466〕〔Christof Teuscher, ''Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker'', Springer, 2004, pages 105–6〕〔James Stewart, ''Calculus: Early Transcendentals'', Brooks/Cole, Apr 1, 1991, page 436〕 but the technique appears well before Weierstrass was born, in the work of Leonhard Euler (1707 – 1783).〔Leonhard Euler, ''Institutiionum calculi integralis volumen primum'', 1768, E342, Caput V, paragraph 261. See (http://www.eulerarchive.org/ )〕

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